Dharma Paths

Buddha (563 BCE - 483 BCE)

Kwan Yin, Mahayana Buddhist goddess of compassion

Mahavira (599 BCE - 527 BCE) "All breathing, existing, living, sentient creatures should not be slain, nor treated with violence, nor abused, nor tormented, nor driven away."

Hindu god Ganesha, also venerated by Jains and Buddhists as a representation of one of the devas (impermanent gods)

Dharmic religions or Dharma Paths are those that fit into the Dharma (Pali: Dhamma) category of religions and include those that originated on the Indian subcontinent. Taoism is included here since although it is of Chinese origin, it was heavily influenced by Dharmic religions and shares many common themes found in Dharmic Paths. Perhaps as many as hundreds of millions of people, especially in China follow a blend of Buddhism and Taoism (and Confucianism).

Unlike the Abrahamic religions which have a long history of intolerance toward each other, the Dharmic religions have mostly lived in peace with each other. This may be due to the fact that the Dharmic religions are mostly polytheistic and sometimes atheistic. Some historians have suggested that religions with the idea of only one god makes all others, even those who believe in god, to be inferior, since it is not the “correct” god, making the monotheistic trend toward intolerance of other religions. Other possibilities could be the Dharmic religions’ emphasis on ahimsa (nonviolence). Another or additional possibility is that the Dharmic religions do not believe that followers of other religions are barred from heavenly realms. Buddhism and the other Dharmic paths insist that anyone leading a good, moral life can have favorable rebirth in heaven or elsewhere. The ultimate goal is nirvana (Pali: nibbana) in all of the Dharmic religions.

Hinduism

Contrary to popular belief, Hinduism is not the precursor to all of the Dharmic religions. At the time that Jainism and Buddhism were developing, there was no Hindu religion; there was its precursor known as Brahmanism. Brahmanism included the caste system and its primary practice was animal sacrifices. It was not until the Yoga sutras and the Bhagavad-Gita that it evolved into the Hinduism we have of today and both the Yoga sutras and Bhagavad-Gita were composed well after the flourishing of Jainism and Buddhism. The famous term Nirvana (Pali: Nibbana) was not a Hindu term until the Bhagavada Gita and other later Hindu works, which were composed after the Buddhist Tipitaka. Scholars agree that it was first a Jain and Buddhist term long before Hinduism incorporated it (Fowler, 2012). The Yoga Sutras also came after the Tipitaka and the 8 limbed description found there is no doubt influenced from the Buddhist 8 fold path. Additionally, the Hindu importance put on ahimsa (nonviolence) also came later after Jainism and Buddhism were well established religions on the subcontinent. Therefore, it can be argued that Hinduism actually borrowed many of its ideas from Jainism and Buddhism, not the other way around.

Buddhism and Jainism

Buddhism has been called the most diversified religion; not in a derogatory way, just to say that it comes in so many varieties that one form might look completely different from another form. And one sect might actually have more in common with a sect from another religion than it does with another sect from its own religion. This is true across all the Dharmic religions. And sometimes within one sect alone there is a wide range of interpretation. One example, is in the Theravada school of Buddhism where there are some who hold what might be called a Classical view which honors the Abhidhamma and Commentaries on a par with the the Suttas (discourses of the Buddha). This Classical view typically holds that Nirvana is the extinguishment of all craving, of all defilements, of the aggregates, of the person. They state that there is no more existence of the person who attains Nirvana, but that it is not annihilation since there was no being or soul at the time of the perceived existence of the aggregates (personality, form, etc.). Some modern interpretations, including from the Thai forest tradition hold that the mind/heart (citta) does not perish, just the aggregates and describe Nirvana in a more pantheistic way. Others still take it even further, for example the famous Ajahn Mun, who stated that the Buddha even talked to him during his deep meditation experiences, suggesting that the Buddha is at some place in a Buddha-land or Buddha-field. A sizable number of Thai Theravada Buddhists believe that Ajahn Mun and his Dhamma successor, Ajahn Boowa, were fully enlightened arahants.

Some of the Buddhist interpretations from one sect or sub-sect fit more with Jainism or other Dharmic paths than they do with members from their own religion. There is overlap of these sorts among all the Dharmic religions, when we look closer at the actual practices and philosophies of individual adherents. This becomes even more apparent when looking at the history of each of the Dharmic religions; for example in early Buddhist history there were as many as 18 or more early schools which no longer exist now, some of which even held the belief in a permanent self or soul, the same as what is found in other Dharmic religions.

Dharma Path/sect	Theology	Creation myth	Ascetic teachers	Primary practice	Hereditary divisions	Women can attain moksha (enlightenment)	Women can be universal gurus*	Ahimsa (nonviolence)	After life	Ultimate goal	Nature of Nirvana
Hinduism	Monotheism/ Polytheism	Yes	Yes	Prayer & meditation	Yes, caste	Yes	No	Important	Reincarnation	Nirvana	Union with God
Modern Hindu movements (TM, SRF, etc)	Pantheism	No	Yes	Prayer & meditation	No	Yes	Yes	Very important	Reincarnation	Nirvana	Union with God
Digambara Jainism	Atheism	No	Yes	Meditation	No	No	No	1st precept	Reincarnation	Nirvana	Pantheistic, end of karma
Svetambara Jainism	Atheism	No	Yes	Meditation	No	Yes	Yes	1st precept	Reincarnation	Nirvana	Pantheistic, end of karma
Theravada Buddhism	Atheism	No	Yes	Meditation	No	Yes	No	1st precept	Rebirth	Nirvana	End of defilements, karma
Mahayana Buddhism	Atheism/ Polytheism	No	Yes	Prayer & meditation	No	Yes	No	1st precept	Rebirth	Nirvana	Bodhisattva in a Buddha-land
Taoism	Polytheism	No	Yes	Prayer & meditation	No	Yes	No	Important	Reincarnation	Good health, favorable rebirth	Immortality in some form
Sikhism	Pantheism	No	Yes	Prayer & meditation	No	Yes	No	Important	Reincarnation	Nirvana	Union with God

• Universal guru = A samma-sam-buddha or similar figure who teaches the masses after the teachings have died out. (see: Buddha)

The above chart shows the many examples of related concepts. The primary practice in many Dharmic religions includes the Shramana path of renunciation and meditation. The mind is tamed through various meditation techniques and sometimes asceticism. In addition to these similarities, there are many shared deities including:

• Ganesha, a widely worshipped Hindu deity; statues of which can also be found in Buddhist and Jain temples, along with other Hindu deities, as representations of the impermanent gods (devas).
• Kwan Yin, a popular Mahayana bodhisattva; also found in some Theravada Buddhist temples.
• Buddha, also worshipped and venerated by Hindus, believing him to be an incarnation of Vishnu.
• Mahavira, founder (most recent universal teacher) of Jainism, also venerated by Hindus.

The Buddha referred to the teachings as a raft. It gets you to the other shore (enlightenment). Once there on the other shore, there is no need to carry it around with you. In that Sutta the Buddha remarks:

"I have shown to you the Teaching's similitude to a raft: as having the purpose of crossing over, not the purpose of being clung to" (Majjhima Nikaya 22)

Heaven

Anyone can go to heaven, even if meditation has not been practiced:

"Another person has practiced the making of merit by giving as well as by moral discipline to a high degree; but he has not undertaken the making of merit by meditation. With the breakup of the body, after death, he will be reborn among humans in a favorable condition. Or he will be reborn in the company of the devas of the Four Great Kings." (Anguttara Nikaya 4.241-243)

Nirvana

The Buddha also taught that even the ultimate goal of Nirvana could be attained by the practice of other religions, as long as it included the requisite teachings on the abandoning of defilements. In a discussion on whether other religions have access to the final goal, the Buddha said:

"Those who teach a Dhamma for the abandoning of passion, for the abandoning of aversion, for the abandoning of delusion; their Dhamma is well-taught. Those who have practiced for the abandoning of passion, for the abandoning of aversion, for the abandoning of delusion; they have practiced well in this world. Those whose passion... aversion... delusion is abandoned, its root destroyed, made like a palmyra stump, deprived of the conditions of development, not destined for future arising: they, in this world, are well-gone."

The householder responds:

"How amazing, sir. How astounding, that there is neither extolling of one's own Dhamma nor deprecation of another's, but just the teaching of the Dhamma in its proper sphere, speaking to the point without mentioning oneself." (Anguttara Nikaya 3.72)

The Nature of Nirvana (Nibbana) in Dharma Paths

The nature or definition of Nirvana in all of the Dharma Paths are very similar, sometimes with only slight differences and sometimes as noted above, the overlapping and borrowing of ideas and concepts from one to another.

Buddhism

As discussed above, Buddhism has a wide range of positions on the nature of Nirvana.

"There is, monks, an unborn, unbecome, unmade, unfabricated. If there were not that unborn, unbecome, unmade, unfabricated, there would not be the case that emancipation from the born, become, made, fabricated would be discerned. But precisely because there is an unborn, unbecome, unmade, unfabricated, emancipation from the born, become, made, fabricated is discerned." (Udana 8.3)

"Just as the river Ganges inclines toward the sea, flows towards the sea, and merges with the sea, so too Master Gotama's assembly with its homeless ones and its householders inclines toward Nibbana, and merges with Nibbana." (Majjhima Nikaya 73.14)

To say "it is" is to grasp for permanence. To say "it is not" is to adopt the view of nihilism. Therefore a wise person does not say "exists" or "does not exist." (Mūlamadhyamakakārikā 15.10)

Jainism

The Uttaradhyana Sutra provides an account of Gautama (a Jain, not Gotama-Buddha) explaining the meaning of nirvāṇa to Kesi, a disciple of Parshva:

"There is a safe place in view of all, but difficult of approach, where there is no old age nor death, no pain nor disease. It is what is called nirvāṇa, or freedom from pain, or perfection, which is in view of all; it is the safe, happy, and quiet place which the great sages reach. That is the eternal place, in view of all, but difficult of approach. Those sages who reach it are free from sorrows, they have put an end to the stream of existence." (Uttaradhyana Sutra 81-4)

Hinduism

Brahma nirvana (nirvana in Brahman) is the state of release or liberation; the union with the divine ground of existence (Brahman) and the experience of blissful egolessness. The term brahmanirvana is used 5 times in the Bhagavad Gita.

Taoism

Lao Tzu (also spelled Laozi) is credited as the founder of Taoism and author of Tao Te Ching. In it he is famous for the quotes:

"The Tao that can be told is not the eternal Tao; the name that can be named is not the eternal name."

"The unnameable is the eternally real. Naming is the origin of all particular things."

"Free from desire, you realize the mystery. Caught in desire, you see only the manifestations. Yet mystery and manifestations arise from the same source."

Sikhism

Sikhism advocates the belief in one panentheistic God (Ek Onkar) who is omnipresent and has infinite qualities, whose name is true (Satnam), who is beyond the time (Akaal), who has no image (Murat), who is beyond from birth and death circulation (Ajunee), who is self-existent (Sai Bhang) and with the grace of word guru (eternal light) we can meet him (Gurprasaad). Sikhs do not have a gender for God, nor do they believe God takes a human form. According to the founder of Sikhism, Guru Nanak, the supreme purpose of human life is to reconnect with Akal (The Timeless One), however, egotism is the biggest barrier in doing this.

See also

• Buddhism and Jainism
• Hinduism
• Brahma
• Heaven
• Nibbana

References

• The Complete Book of Buddha's Lists -- Explained. David N. Snyder, Ph.D., 2006.
• http://www.thedhamma.com/
• Brahminism, Buddhism and Hinduism, L.M.Joshi, 1970.
• Fowler, Jeaneane D. (2012), The Bhagavad Gita: A Text and Commentary for Students, Sussex Academic Press

• The domain name http://www.DharmaPaths.com redirects to this page
• The domain name http://www.DharmaPaths.org redirects to this page